Government Youth Offending

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5619 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The purpose of this dissertation is to see if the government policy for youth offending has reduced the amount of youth offenders and also if governments strategies are affective in order to tackle youth offending. Chapter 1 Define youth offending; what are youth offending and what crimes are classified as youth offending and what the major of youth crime activity is taken place. The change of crime in youths before and now. What is youth offending and what policies are used to deal with criminal activity youth offender. What types of crime are considered as offending for youth? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Government Youth Offending | Criminology Dissertations" essay for you Create order What is Youth Offending?, Who Are Youth Offenders? Youth is considered in the criminal justice system a young person or child age from 10-17 as stated by the Youth justice board .A child or young person who breaks the Law and is guilty is classified as a youth offender. Youth crime can consist of different types of criminal actively such as anti- social behaviour, theft, assault and even murder. This is similar to adult crime as breaking the Law is considered as a criminal offence no matter the age. Youth crime can be proven to harm and be dangerous to the community. It could damage the future of the youth by having a life of crime. According to the House office Youth crime harms communities, creates a culture of fear and damages the lives of some of our most vulnerable young people (www.homeoffice.gov.uk) .The impact of youth crime has caused a disturbance within society which has resulted in policies changing quite often in order to overcome youth crime. Out of the youth justice system young could be a different margin for example from seventeen to twenty-one in general terms is classified as young In many countries crime committed by young people and children has become a major battle of politicians. Many politicians believe that youth offenders should be prepared to receive the punishment for the crime they have committed. According to (Simon,2000) politicians across the political spectrum have demanded that if a young offenders are prepared to do the crime they should also be prepared to do the time and that in some cases they should do this time in the same place as adults (Pitts,J. (2003).) The government have become aware of youth offending and are taking it much more seriously the previously. Punishment has been considered is the main way youths should suffer the same as adults for the actions. Young people and crime have many similarities with the adult offenders. Both adult and youth may have a balance between punishment, rehabilitation and deterrence and that between the rights and responsibilities (including the victims) of offender. ( Pitts,J. (2003). p71) there are different types of sentences from discharges to custody and fines depending on the offence. The England and Wales criminal justice system identifies young people aged between ten and seventeen are classified as youth and are dealt with in a different justice system which is called the youth justice system. Youth offenders have its own courts, custodial institutions, professional personnel and in many cases sentences ( Kirton, D. (2005)) This has become the main part in the youth justice system as children and young peoples mentality and understanding are different to adults so therefore children and young people may not be fully aware and fully at fault for the offence. Youth justice system is a system created so treatment is the main priority of young people and children who are suffering from welfare and other problems as educational, poverty and drugs etc. The youth justice system would consider that the evidence regarding the youth offender and decided what is the best punishment or treatment need which is going to benefit the youth. This is done mainly to prevent the youth from offending again by tackling the problems before it could mean the youth is less likely to offend again. Some organisations consider twenty one year olds or even up to twenty five or thirty as young but according to the youth justice system over seventeen years of age is considered full responsible for the offence so the criminal justice system would deal with the case of over seventeen people. The youth justice believe that youths aged from ten to seventeen are not in the full state of mind compared to an adult for example if a ten year old was to kill someone they would not be liable for a first degree murder due to they cannot distinguish between right and wrong. some groups believe that youths who commit a offence should have the same punishments as adults and others believe that youths at ages from ten to seventeen cannot full be responsible for the action (Jamie bugler case two ten years old killed a child younger then them) Youth policies in the justice system regarding youth offending are mainly set by the government which have installed the youth justice board during the years of 1998 and 1999. Policies were set before by the government and still are mainly but the youth justice board is there to make sure organisations who are trying to prevent youth offending are doing their jobs. Policies such as the Crime and Disorder act in 1998 which was a policy set by the government to create multi-agency panels in order to achieve effectiveness and efficiency. Standards had to be achieved as it was consider as the biggest shake up in the youth justice system according to Jack straw (Pitts,J. (2003). P88). Policies could benefit for and against for example policies regarding social, economical, health and welfare were seen as the main policies for organisations who worked for youth offenders to apply such as the Treatment of youth offenders. Then policies regarding tougher punishments were put in to action now a more multi-agency with treatment and also punishment depending on evidence policy is present. Were it would be considered by a panel which would decided what would be the best method for the youth offender not to re-offend. The main policies regarding youth offenders are introduced by the government s rules and regulations for youth organisations, new legislations and Laws. The youth justice system was introduced policies in force were changing quite often as punishment was the main type of sentence but due to children and adults having their differences (mental, economical, knowledge). Duty of care for children and young people should be considered as from research according to Derek Kirton it could be said that many youth offenders suffer from poor welfare, economical issues, family, health and educational problems. Accoutring to the Home office statistics levels of youth offenders you have these problems are quite high. Punishment may not be considered the best method to help youths in welfare problems. As a result of this future policies changed in order to prevent youth offending by offering treatment instead of punishment. Policies may change depending on research and results as improvement may not be visible. The youth justice system is a system that is created to deal with young people who have offended as it is believed that the young should be treated differently for the offence as young people are not fully aware and knowledgeable as an adult. This system was first introduced in the nineteenth century as pressure from groups by the media, religious, and welfare believed that children are less aware of the offences they commit then an adult. Before the youth justice system was developed young people and children were no different to adults as youths would also be sentenced to the adult jail. After a short period of time when there was no differences for youths and adults, industrial schools were introduced for seven to fourteen year olds convicted of vagrancy( Pitts,J 2003).) as Newborn 1995 stated .these industrial schools were to keep youths out of adult prisons due to the level of corruption and brutality in the adult prisons. Youths and children would stay in the industrial school like it was a jail just for young people and children. The system for youths started to change even more as industrial schools started to expand and more children and young people were held there. As a result of this pressures from political groups due to the increasing level of crimes among youths was getting out of control and media and many off the public became aware of this. Informal social controls and the drunkenness, vice, violence and crime to which gave rise (Pitts,J 2003). It became a major scare as many believed that the justice system and other groups cannot control this crisis. As this crisis was mainly for social controls the media, police and politicians main priority was to control and to remove the crisis. As the level of crime was rising the method of the industrial schools should how unstable the policies and strategies were. it shows that the strategies and the policies of punishment is clearly not working as crime is escalating . During this time punishment was tough unlike today where children and young people have they own justice system and are not as tough on punishment as it was around two centuries ago. Then youths and children were punished similar as how adults were .The social controls were out of hand and it was decided by the government to create committees which would concentrate on the treatment (Pitts,J 2003)of the youth offender instead of punishment. The government created two committees which were Gladstone committee and the Lushingto committee (Pitts,J 2003) these committees were created to be lesstough on youths offenders as they believed that treatment instead of punishment would reduce crime. This may perhaps be that what the government wants to do deal with the problem before it occurs for example a child or young person may offend due to problems at home or even educational problems as a result the committees would try to help children or young people over come this problem as if not treated then a youth may be in a condition where they are not fully aware of offending (need example to back me up) custody was also introduced by the government as the offender could be confined. Treatment was also only offered if there was enough evidence to support the fact that the child was affected by any of the following sciences consisting of paediatrics, child psychology, criminology and penology. This was a newer form of youth justice introduced by the youth justice system, but responsibility was held by the juvenile courts according to (Pitts,J 2003). Chapter 2 Historical context of youth offending, what were the previous strategies and how were they implemented? What are the current strategies (ones that are used now) and what strategies are being considered for the future. What are the objectives of the strategies? The Youth Justice System. What it is, how it is used, the benefits and the weakness of the system. What are the objectives of the governments youth justice strategies. What objectives have been achieved and what are the aims of the government to achieve the target. Have the government met the objectives if so how The aim of the youth justice system is to reduce this major problem of youth crime by building safer communities and to tackle the problem of social exclusion (Home Office, 2008). Social exclusion has led individuals and groups to suffer as it has partitioned them to participate with society activities due to their socioeconomic factors. Chapter 3 What and How effective are the current strategies in place to deal with youth offenders.figures that show Yots etc are working , Talk about organisations such Yots, parenting schemes and other methods used by the government .. The positives and negatives, such as cost etc. what they are doing to try and achieve their aim. Talk about some youth programmes set up in order to reduce crime. Yots mainly but look at other services . In order to tackle youth crime the government introduced the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 where Youth Offending Teams (YOTs) where introduced. These teams are multi-agency bodies with the primary aim of preventing offending by children and young people. Their aim is also to prevent young people from re-offending in which support is given to them by the YOTs (Bateman et al, 2005). One of the areas covered by youth offending teams is to tackle anti-social behaviour which includes harassment of residents or passers-by verbal abuse, criminal damage, vandalism, noise nuisance, graffiti, engaging in threatening behaviour in, large groups, smoking or drinking alcohol under age, substance misuse, joy-riding, begging, prostitution, kerb-crawling, throwing missiles, assault and vehicle-related nuisance (YJB, 2005 pg 5). The old youth justice, proved by the Audit Commission (1996) caused high levels of crime such as vandalism, thefts and burglaries. This system was confirmed to be inefficient and expensive as it resulted to a little being done to tackle youth crime and showed high levels of re-offending. The Audit Commission in 1996 established a report Misspent Youth where many recommendations were highlighted for the new youth justice (Goldson, 2000). The key recommendation in the report was to carry out intervening with youth in the early stages of their career so that their offending behaviour can be targeted. The White Paper No More Excuses also stated that YOTs will need to, Deliver community intervention programmes to make youngsters face up to the consequences of their crimes and learn to change the habits and attitudes which lead them into offending and anti-social behaviour. The programmes might adopt techniques such as: group work; family group conferencing and mentoring (Home Office, 1997) Chapter 4 Is the emphasis tough on crime or tough on comers of crime? Look at the punishment and sentencing, public perception look at differences like police want tougher laws on youths but social workers think education and rehabilitation programmes are better .look at the Hansard arguments and news articles to see. How effective are the current strategies in place. Are they reducing the level of crime among youths? Are there different punishments for youths? Level of youths reoffending. Look in to Suggestions instead of punishments Chapter 5 Which interest groups are involved in creating youth offending policies, look at statistics from 2002/03and 2006/07 and compare the data see if the rates are falling etc and which crimes where low and high. Argue for and against punishment and prevention and punishment and rehabilitation. See in the results if punishment becoming harsher is better than the welfare state before and what is happing now such as Multi Agencies. Also look at which types of youth offend and reoffend the reasons behind this. The statistics from 2002/03 compared with 2006/07. What is found and where should the YJS change and forces on etc. The main aim of the Criminal Justice System (CJS) is to prevent crime, the police alone have been relatively ineffective agents of crime prevention due to crime being a multi-faceted in both its causes and effects (Bateman, 2007). Multi-agency is a process that the Audit Commission believed would play a vital role to divert young people from the courts and prevent them from re-offending in which programmes set up by the Youth Offending Teams which will help them to change and also to face up to the harm caused due to their behaviour (Goldson, 2000). Local authorities (LA) gained a huge statutory responsibility in which they had to implement a multi-agency response to youth crime; previously it had been up to the LA to determine how they did so. The Crime and Disorder Act (CDA) required all local authorities with social services and education responsibilities to replace social services youth justice team (Burnett, 2005 pg 106) with Youth Offending teams. Each team consisted of representatives from the local probation and police services, health, education and social services (Burnett, 2005 pg 106). 14 pilot Youth Inclusion and Support Panels (YISPs) were set up in April 2003 by the Youth Justice Board. This was to target those who were likely to be at the risk of offending, the age range targeted was 8-13 year olds (Youth Justice Board, 2003). The Youth Justice Board (YJB) was first established in 1998 by the Labour Government in which their focus was on the Youth Justice System. YOTs are monitored by the YJB where their performance is measured and aims and objectives are given to them resulting to broad range of expectations that YOTs are supposed to fulfil hence a need for a broad range of expertise within the teams. It is essential for YOTs to develop efficient administration of justice so that when a young person breaks the law; their case is handled and dealt effectively and efficiently. It is vital for the offender to take responsibility for their offence so therefore the YOTs aim is to confront the individual in an appropriate manner so that effective communication is implemented. This will enable them to intervene with one another and discuss factors which causes the individual at a risk of offending. Punishment must be given to the offender which is proportionate to the seriousness of their crime and encouraging reparation to the victims by the offender. Parent responsibilities are also taken account of by the YOTs and are reinforced. YOTs work with a range of services and interventions such as, housing authorities, social services, housing providers and voluntary groups (https://www.yjb.gov.uk ). The YJB sets out corporate targets for YOTs annually. The corporate objectives for 2006/07 to 2008/09 are divided into 3 sections: Reduce offending and the use of custody Support the youth justice system to reduce the number of first-time entrants to the youth justice system by 5% by March 2008 compared to the March 2005 baseline. Support the youth justice system to protect victims and communities by reducing re-offending by young offenders by 5% by March 2008 compared with the 2002/03 baseline, working towards a 10% reduction by the end of the decade. Support the youth justice system to, between 31 March 2005 and 31 March 2008, reduce the size of the under-18 custodial population by 10% through the implementation of the minimising the use of custody work programme. Improve outcomes for children and young people Support the youth justice system to improve the assessment of risk and need for young people who have offended, and improve their access to specialist and mainstream services that will address the factors identified. To ensure that YOTs have action plans in place to achieve equal treatment at local level for comparable offences by different ethnic groups and to deliver targeted prevention activity that substantially reduces local differences by ethnicity in recorded conviction rates, by March 2008. Safe and appropriate use of custody To ensure that all girls under 18 years of age who are remanded or sentenced to custody are accommodated in secure establishments that are separate from adults by October 2006, and replace 250 places for boys in shared adult sites with separate facilities by March 2008. (source: YJB, 2005 pg 6) These aims will help the members in the youth offending team to stay focus on the targets and will direct them to meet them, they are also able to carry out an effective service by monitoring the treatment of young offenders and reducing inequalities, improving access to mainstream services which will help to increase confidence in the youth justice system (YJB, 2005 pg 6). There are key aims that Rose Burnett has identified that underpin Youth Offending Teams that focus on preventing offending and effective practice is made easier by a multi-agency approach, that can respond to young people in an holistic fashion. Youth justice workers should join forces with other professionals this explored the argument regarding young people being related to problems such as truancy, drug abuse and family breakdown each being handled by separate agencies (Burnett, 2005 pg107). Due to YOTs this would prevent a duplication of effort, inconsistencies and differences in emphasis if the team worked effectively together tackling these problems (Burnett, 2005 pg107). All parties should share the aim of preventing offending as over time the approaches to the youth justice have altered which has caused a lot of confusion regarding the purpose and function of the youth justice system. The government established the paper No More Excuses in which they have stated their intention to break with the previous culture of youth justice where young peoples offending was exempt due to a concentration being on their needs rather than their deeds (Burnett, 2005 pg 107). The paper clearly identified the aims of reducing crime by young people which were given to the members of the Youth Offending Team (Burnett, 2005 pg 107). YOTs work in partnership who works in conjunction with all other departments in order to achieve the aims set out. The youth offending teams work in a range of services such as, courts and the prison services, they are also involved in complementary inter-agency initiatives, such as child protection committees and community safety partnerships. The goal is to provide a joined up, corporate approach to preventing youth offending. Both the Government and the youth justice board emphasised that YOTs were not intended to belong to any of the individual agencies. This is a partnership approach which is between all the parties (Burnett, 2005). There are many advantages of multi-agency working within a Youth Offending Team alongside disadvantages which cause areas of concern and which will have to be taken account of. To begin with the advantages of multi- agency working, by working within a Youth Offending Team will result to knowledge and skills being shared. Each member of the team will provide one another with the required information on an informal, ad hoc basis therefore there will be no need for them to write off for information or wait for a return phone call (Burnett, 2005 pg 109). This saves time and communication will be more effective and efficient. By working in the same office was believed to be a great advantage due to a quick access to information and advice (Burnett, 2004). A holistic approach is achieved due to all the representatives of all the relevant disciplines being under one room (Bateman et al, 2005 pg 109). If however, cases do arise which lay outside the expertise of the responsible officer then there is usually someone with the required experience, knowledge and skills in the particular area to handle the problem and also recommend suggestions (Burnett, 2005 pg 109). This therefore portrays that multi-agency teams appear to be very beneficial as they bring together seamless youth justice service closer (Burnett, 2005 pg 109). The availability of representatives from different services facilitate the referral of young people to those services (Burnett, 2005 pg 109. This reduces lengthy waiting lists and also complicated referral procedures that are likely to occur. Opportunities of having the right person in the right place at the right time (Burnett, 2005 pg 109) are increased which is hassle free and more convenient for individuals. For instance young people who offend and get into trouble, frequently may have mental health problems for this reason having a health worker in the Youth Offending Team, who is an employee of Children and Adolescent mental health services would improve the access of YOT kids to such mainstream services. The same theory can be applied with education and children out of school. This illustrates that multi-agency teams are well placed to reintegrate socially excluded young people into mainstream provision. Focusing on the disadvantages of multi-agency working shows that, a YOT consists of people from different occupational backgrounds; therefore, this may cause cultural differences especially in the process of decision making and may result to conflicts and misunderstandings between the staff. This will have a negative impact upon the service of the YOT and cause implications for effective practice. Each member of the Youth Offending Team is recognised as a team and not an individual therefore when problems do arise there will be a high risk on the group as a whole for example on effective communication amongst the individuals. Looking at recent statistics the Lets Talk about It report states for youth Offending Teams to work effectively, there needs to be effective joint working across specialities, 15% of the YOTs consisted of problems due to joint working between the specialist health and substance misuse workers and case managers. The reason for these problems was due to the lack of adequate procedures for the sharing of information that affected many Youth Offending Teams (Healthcare Commission, 2006). The multi-agency members may be part of one team but may receive different conditions to their service. For instance the operational managers might receive lower salaries than some of the practitioners under their supervision (Burnett, 2005 pg 109), this shows that conflicts may arise between the staff regarding different rewards being attained. This is also explored by Sampson et al (1988) where it can be seen that the police are often more dominating which results to them ignoring the multi agency team which may cause conflicts among the members of the team and shows how tensions between partners with different priorities can arise. The police are often enthusiastic proponents of the multi-agency approach but they tend to prefer to set the agendas and to dominate forum meetings and then to ignore the multi-agency framework when it suits their own needs (Sampson et al, 1998). There has been a debate whether the team members in a Youth Offending Team should be generalist or specialists. Research carried out on behalf of the YJB found out that, in practice many specialist health, education and substance misuse staff are under pressure to undertake generic youth justice duties. This shows an ongoing difficulty of obtaining specialist services from outside of the YOT and contributes to a dilution of specialist provision within it (Pitcher et al, 2004). A Youth Offending Team consists of members from different occupations for example a police officer or an education worker (Burnett, 2005 pg 109), by working in a YOT the members may lose their real identity and profession and for this reason they may not be able to bring their distinctive professional contribution into the YOT. There is a problem about generic versus specialist work, this looks at whether members in the YOT do a bit of everything or do work relating to their specialism therefore causes identity confusion. The work of multi-agency partnerships sounds good but the main question is does it work once its put in practice? Data from the Agency Public Protection Arrangements Annual Report 2005/06 (pg 21) shows five years on from the implementation of the Criminal Justice and Courts Services Act 2000 which established the Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements, also known as MAPPA. Within the five years (2001-2006) multi-agency partnerships have gained an achievement on employing a safer society for all however there is still a lot for them to do and to ensure that arrangements are fit for their purpose and are applied across England and Wales. The main aim of the MAPPA is to make the communities safer and reducing re-offending (National Offender Management Service, 2005/6 pg 21). Multi-agency is something which was created by the government in order for public services could work together to reduce costs, crime and create a more organised justice system. multi agency is the way forward according to the government who believe authorities such as police, social workers , welfare and Yots will work together this is to have a better understanding of the situation and there for make a more accurate decision. Punishment, prevention and rehabilitation issues would descused regarding the youth offender. It would depend on the crime, social wellbeing, education, poverty etc. Although research shows that multi agency partnership works but there are also many areas and cases created that should be looked into for improvement. This can be seen through the case of Victoria Climbie which took place in February, 2000. Victoria aged eight was living with her aunt Marie-Therese and her aunts boy friend Carl Manning in London. Victorias parents had sent her with her aunt due them believing she would gain a better future but instead she was suffering abuse by Carl Manning that led to her death. Inquiries after her death took place by Lord Laming which showed that multi-agency partnerships are partly responsible for the death due to the doctors, police and social workers being aware of the situation which could have been tackled and could have saved a life but instead there was a lack of communication amongst the multi-agencys which caused them to be under the assumption that another agency had taken control of the case. For this reason Victoria was unable to gain the support and treatment that she required. This case allowed the work of multi-agency partnerships to be looked into to point out the areas of concern that had to be developed upon. One of the major concerns was the lack of staff. New approaches were introduced regarding children which is evident in the Green paper in 2003 where there government established Every child matters that enabled children to retrieve a better and healthier life, it also addressed many changes to the work of multi-agency partnerships work such as data being accessed by all members in the agencies and recorded accurately, finance was also given (100,000) in order for them to develop upon sharing information between each profession. Children were also give more rights in which they were able to contact more than one service at anytime and there was also a need for assessments to be carried out which would require multi-agency teams to share data. These points will enable each member of the team to work more effectively alongside one another (www.community-care.co.uk). Another problem that has encountered can be seen through a recent report called Lets talk about it by the Healthcare commission (2006) which shows that there is a problem with health and education not meeting standards. The report shows that children and young people who offend have more health needs than the non-offending population of childrenThe provision of healthcare for them has improved, but it remains inadequate. Therefore the healthcare organisations are required to contribute to youth justice in their area in order to reduce the factors that play a part in offending. The report portrays findings from 50 Youth Offending Teams in England and Wales carried out from September 2003 to April 2006. The findings illustrate that services should be made more accessible for children aged 16 and 17 as this is the age where individuals are likely to carry out serious crimes. Healthcare workers within the multi-agency partnerships provided services for the offender based on their experience and specialities rather than the needs of the individual which can have a positive and a negative response. Data shows that from 2004 onwards, CDRPs required to undertake an annual appraisal of their health. To be changed to 6 months following a review, however out of the 20 projects studied over 18 months: 4 had completed, 6 still aiming to implement plans, 6 had abandoned some of their plans and 4 had made very little progress (Hedderman et al, 2001 cited by Bateman, 2007) This engaged problems within the health and voluntary sector. Reference Audit Commission (1996) Misspent Youths: Young People and Crime, London: Audit Commission Burnett R (2005) Youth Offending Teams in Bateman, T and Pitts, J (Eds) The RHP companion to youth justice, Russell House Community care [Online] Available at: www.community-care.co.uk (Accessed 31st March 2008). Goldson, B, (2000), The New Youth Justice, Lyme Regis: Russell House Publishing Healthcare Commision, (2006), Lets Talk about It, [Online], Available at: https://www.healthcarecommission.org.uk/_db/_documents/YOTs_report.pdf, (Accessed: 1st April 2008) Home Office (2008) Youth Crime, [Online] Available at https://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/crime-victims/reducing-crime/youth-crime/ Accessed on 2nd April 2008 Home Office (1997) No More Excuses: A New Approach to Tackling Youth Crime in England and Wales. Cmd. 3809. London: HMSO Kirton, D. (2005). Young people and Crime. In: Hale, C, Hayward, K, Wahidin, A and Wincup, E Criminology. New York: Oxford University Press. 385- 402. National Offender Management Service, (2005/6) Keeping Communities Safe: Cambridgeshire Multi-Agency Public Protection Arrangements Annual Report 2005/06 [Online] Available at: https://www.cambs.police.uk/information/ plansreportspolicies/reports/mappa20052006.pdf (Accessed 2nd April 2008) Pitcher, J., Bateman, T., Johnston, V Cadman, S, (2004), The Provision of Health, Education and Substance Misuse Workers in Youth Offending Teams and The Needs of Young People Supervised by Youth Offending Teams, London: Youth Justice Board Pitts,J. (2003). Youth Justice in England and Wales. In: Matthews, R and Young, J The New politics of Crime and Punishment. Devon: Willan Publishing. 71-97. Sampson, A., Stubbs, P., Smith, D., Pearson, G and Blagg, H (1988) Crime, Localities and the Multi-Agency Approach, The British Journal of Criminology 28(4) 478-493 YJB, (2005) Guidance: A guide to the role of Youth Offending Teams in dealing with anti-social behaviour, London [Online] Available at: https://www.yjb.gov.uk/ Publications/Resources /Downloads/ ASBGuidance.pdf (Accessed 1st April 2008) Youth Justice Board, (2003), Speaking out: the Views of Young People, Parents and Victims about the Youth Justice System and Interventions to Reduce Offending, London: Youth Justice Board

Effects Of Energy Drink Consumption On All Age Groups Are...

Based on data obtained from limited English sources dated 2005 to 2010, energy drinks have become more popular among teenagers and young adults (Rath, 2012). SixWise.com’s (2008) article â€Å"What is really in a hot dog?† provided evidence that just because the product is purchased by the public does not automatically mean it is beneficial long term (Wyrick). This new craze of energy drinks has the world consuming them at a staggering rate. The debates concerning the effects among energy drink consumption in all age groups are real and impacts most of us in some shape or form. Some people will argue there are benefits found in some of the ingredients that enhance the psychological and physiological mental and cognitive performances such as†¦show more content†¦When consumers substitution water with an alternative fluid, it has to be approached with extreme caution. Such is the case when the alternative fluid is an energy drink. When water is replaced with an e nergy drink, the timing of the energy drink intake and the amount of energy drink intake must be clearly understood by the consumer (Attila Cakir, 2011). The consumer has to be aware that they are depriving and harming the human body in the short term as well as the long term impact to a person’s life with this type of substitution. Energy drinks are comprised of the following primary ingredients: caffeine, sugar, ginseng, taurine, and guarana. Caffeine is the most commonly used legal drug in the world that does not discriminate among the races, ethnicity, or gender groups. Babu et al. (2008) stated that a lethal dose of caffeine in a healthy adult can range from 5 - 10 g with 9 - 28 mg of caffeine per ounce in an energy drink (Rath, 2012). The human body does not block caffeine. The body acts like a sponge and absorbs caffeine and then quickly distributes it throughout the body (Rath, 2012). Individuals have the tendency to excessively consume caffeine. The caffeine when combined with sugar can cause psychological and physiological effects in people such as mild to moderate euphoria. Drinking one energy drink is not considered excessive. Drinking two or more drinks in a day is considered excessive. The second

Business Law Assignment Free Essays

MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE OF SINGAPORE IN COLLABORATION WITH UNIVERSITY OF BRADFORD DIPLOMA IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT BUSINESS LAW ASSIGNMENT Presented by Name| FIN/IC Number| Participation Marks Awarded| Gerry Vicentius Sajuti| G1180480U| | Diana Ong Cabillan| G5304258P| | Cecillia Satryo| G1188819X| | ANALYSIS| /40%| RESEARCH| /30%| ORGANIZATION| /15%| PRESENTATION| /15%| Date of Submission: 16 OCTOBER 2012 Name of Lecturer: DANIEL THEYAGU DECLARATION This is to declare that this is our original work and we have not plagiarise any information from any other works. We understand that plagiarism is a serious issue and if found guilty our work will be rejected and possible we will be barred from the examination. We have verified all information given and have effectively referenced the sources. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Law Assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now If after graduation it is found that our work is not original we stand a chance of having our Diploma revoked by the institution concern. Name: Gerry Vicentius Sajuti Signature: ___________________ Name: Diana Ong Cabillan Signature: ___________________ Name: Cecillia SatryoSignature: ____________________ CONTENTS PAGE QUESTION ONE DIAGRAM OF SINGAPORE COURT STRUCTURE SUB-ORDINATE COURT OF SINGAPORE * One of the two tiers in court system of singapore * There are 15 various of subordinate courts. HIGH COURT OF SINGAPORE * consists of the chief justice of Singapore and the judges of the high court * exercises supervisory and revisionary jurisdiction * bound by decisions of the court of appeal SUPREME COURT * two tiers of the court system in Singapore * consists of the court of appeal and the high court COURT OF APPEAL OF SINGAPORE * It’s court of final appeal * consists chief justice of singapore * The seat called supreme court building Appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters under the principle of stare decisis court appeal are binding on the high court ; sub-ordinate court Essay on Question One A 15 years old teenager will be convicted in some minor cases despite of his reasoning. In the classic situation,in which the police first obtain a confession,discover some other evidence,while in the contrast all the decision will be de pend on the judge of the court. Sometimes to prevent unfairness and hold the consistency,judges will use stare decisis which are bounded by higher court’s decision depend on the similarity of cases situation. If the young teenager case get the same situation as previous case,it has a big possibilty for the judge to give the same decisions. Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal In Singapore,the highest court is the Court of Appeal that only implements the appellate jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. In civil it usually begins from the High Court. You can have an appeal when the High Court judge is on leave,or when the amount or value of the cases is below $25,000. The Court should only accept evidence that was passed by the court below however new evidence should pass by on special ground. When it comes to Criminal matters,the Court of Appeal cannot hear an appeal when the orders were already made by the High Court from the Subordinate Court except when it exercise original criminal jurisdiction in the latter part. When the High court already made a decision to a convicted person,the Court of Appeal may permit the person to have an appeal if it believes that it has a reasonable doubt and the sentence should be reduced. Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of the High Court In Singapore,the High Court is the lower division of Supreme Court that implements the appellate and original jurisdiction in civil and criminal matters. The high court has power in any written law relating to divorce,bankruptcy and matters of admiralty. In implementing appellate civil jurisdiction the hearing should come from the District Courts,Magistrates’ Courts and other tribunal. When it comes to permitting for an appeal,it should be approved by one of the Court above where the amount does not exceed $50,000. In appellate criminal jurisdiction, the criminal cases came from the District and Magistrates’ Courts. The High Court will not overturn the judgment that has been made unless the law is wrong or circumstances are inadequate. In this situation the Court should follow some orders like reversing the decision or enhancing the sentenced that was given and the rest. The jurisdiction of the various divisions of court in the Subordinate circuit Subordinate court is one of the two tiers in court system of singapore beside of supreme court. There are 15 various of subordinate courts. Community Court To prevent and reduce the incidence of crimes and to ensure that those suspected,accused or convicted of crimes is the goal of Community Court. Cases that has been settle by community court e. g. ike selected offenders with mental disorders,family violence cases,those below 21 years accused of theft, and etc. Family Court Family court is legalised on 1st march 1995,which is contributed in settle family-related disputes. Family court is now unified court,dealing with all family proceeding in Singapore,Philosophy of the Family Court is to strenghten family ties and preserved. Coroner’s Court Coroner’s Court carried out for a sudden death such as accidents on the highway,in a jail cell,and suicide. Basicly,the Crime Forensic team analyze the death body of victim and report the result to the court. Later,the trial judge’s decision will result in the stated cause of death : are pure death, by accident, or open to further investigation. Neighborhood Court Treatment for cases occurring within family dealt by Neigborhood Court. The cases handled include family violence,disputes within the scope of the community,attempted suicide,law violations even animal cruelty. Traffic Court On the highway frequently found violations caused user negligence from the mere breach of signs to accidents causing casualties that is handled by the Singapore Traffic Court after receiving reports of violations. The violations include drunk driving or traffic violations by the Land Transport Authority or the traffic police declared there was no other way that can be taken for that incident. Night Court Offenders who are employee so they can attend the hearing after working hours,Singapore has Night Court for that reason. The court was held on weekdays beginning at 6 pm. There are two division of night court,Court 26N for issue noticed by government’s departments and Court 25N for traffic violation. Bail Court Literally bail is a guarantee on a case,so that a case can be suspended with pay administration with a certain amount of money. In the bail court the defendant have to pay a sum of money that will go into the cash bail with respect to certain conditions and by the affirm of the Chamber Magistrate,the defendant can be released. Juvenile Court The Juvenile Court only assumes jurisdiction over children below 14 and young person between 14 until 16 years old. So the offender of the case must below 16 years old when h/she is first charged in the Juvenile Court. If it’s above of it Juvenile Court will relinquishes its jurisdiction. Mentions Court There are two division of Criminal Mentions Court one deal with District Arrest Cases(DACs) and Magistrates Arrest Cases(MACs). Mention Court usually get ready for prosecution to charge an accused person,no longer than 2 days after his arrest and remand. Filter Court Filter Court as know as holding court which filter cases into other trial court. Beside deal with disposal enquiries,it also deal about night court cases where the accussed person claimed trial and some minor cases that require up to a day trial. Civil Court Most of civil court defendant got fined instead of jail. Lawsuit that hold by civil court include a range of areas e. g. for landlord-tenant conflicts,credit card payment disputes,breach of contract for accidental compensation disputes etc Centralised Sentencing Court By some specified cases,The judge will sentence the offender has plead guilty. District Court The penalty of district court may be imprisonment of not more than 7 years,a fine of approximately $ 10,000 flogging up to 12 strokes, or reformative training. District court also handle other cases such as misuse of drug,corruption,company,and security industry. Magistrate Court Court that handling case that punishment less than cases in district court,called Magistrate Court. It handling the case that the sentence less than 3 years. The sentences can be prisoned for no more than 2 years,fine less than $2,000,caning up to 3 strokes. This court also have authority to handle common gaming house,film,miscellaneous offence cases. Criminal Court Penalty of criminal court may be include both jail and fine for a sum of amount. Cases that handle by criminal court e. g. for corruption,immigration,employment of illegal foreign worker etc QUESTION TWO BUSINESS ENTERPRISE FEATURES ESSAY PART 2 PROCESS AND PROCEDURE Step1 Company Formation Before we’re going to register our company,first of all we must have a company formation. Company need a name that belongs to their trade sign that belongs to themselves, the name must be approve before incorporation of company in Singapore occur. Beside of it,we need to fulfil for directors,shareholders,secretary,paid-up capital,registered address and taxation Step2 Name Approval To set up a company,it must be approved first by filling the application with company registrar. Generally company name is being rejected/approval notification through in less than 1 hour unless it got some similarity with other registered name. To make this step faster at least you must not have identical name to any existing name of company,doesn’t infringe with any trademark,is not obscene or vulgar,is not already reserved. An approved name will be reserved 60 days from the date of application. Step3 Singapore Company Registration Once the name has been approved,approval from company registrar will also be approved in few hours assuming that incorporation documents are ready and have been signed by the directors and shareholders of the company. Some cases will delay the incorporation procedure if the director or shareholder of the company come from certain nationalities,but it seldom happen. In such case,authorities will ask for some additional question. For a private limited company need to pay S$ 300 for registration fee. Step4 Goods and Service Tax Registration GST tax is also known as Value Added Tax (VAT) or Sales tax. If you company is GST registered,you need to charged for 7% to your customer from the price of goods and services you provide and in turn this amount to authority. GST registration is not mandatory if your company’s annual turnover does not exceed S$1 million. Step5 Singapore Business Licenses You need to obtain a business license or not is depend on your company activities after you have incorporate your company but before you can commence your business operations. There are few business need to obtain the licenses e. g. for travel agencies,financial services, import/export of goods and restaurants Step6 Registration Document Issues The company registrar will send an official email confirming the incorporation company that include company registration number and certificate of it. It will be charged for S$50 for getting the hard copy at the following day (hardcopy is not being issued in singapore) A business profile of the company can be obtained from the Company Registrar by making a request online and paying a small application fee. Generally, the document (a PDF file) is available for download within an hour of the request and contains company name,registration number,incorporation date,principal activities etc Step7 Annual filing requirements for Singapore companies The Companies Act dictates certain annual filing requirements and formalities, once your company has been incorporated. ESSAY PART THREE Manufacturing food and beverages is one of the everlasting business that can be do by some entrepreneur. It is very difficult to a food and beverages company become bankrupt,because everyday people need any kind of food and drink,for their meal or just for snack time,that’s what makes the company continues to manufacture their products regularly, without fear that the products not sold or foul. The important things to start this kind of company and compete with its competitors in the same field is just the innovation that the company can give to their products that can attract consumer to buy their product. Private Limited Company become the better choice for this kind of business,because in Private Limited Company,they just have less than 20 share holders in company, even usually only about 3-5 people so as not to split a lot of the number of shares, because it will have an impact on the amount of dividen to be gained per person. This form of business make the company easy to develop,because not many hands meddling in the decision-making problems. In the other hand,the profit that company can gain from food and beverages is very high,because the raw materials for food is very cheap and the price could soar exponentially when the raw material is processed so attractive that has marketability. Indeed, the pattern of this kind of business, the cost of the company set up is very big, because we need each cost for land, raw materials, and to employ the employee. However this is the essence of this kind of business itself, each shareholder in the company is required to use existing capital as well as possible with the expectation that the future will gain more trade which in business terms is the return on investment. Therefore, when we talk about the profits, with such a large, the dividends to be gained would be very big for each shareholder. Moreover,for the developing of company, very easy to use the money from the profits earned for research, product development, adding new areas of business. Entirely it depend on how the shareholders’ meeting decided to pay dividends to shareholders or hold it and included as cash for capital expenditure. For the management area, with less number of individuals who join in the shareholder, make it easier for companies to work professionally, because often when many shareholders -the personal shareholders, not through the stock market- which mostly are entrepreneurs, trying to put those beliefs on the board of directors or corporate staff . Sometimes it makes management of work not in accordance with the directives f the shareholders’ meeting, but rather subject to the people who put them in that position, so that the special interests are often saddled to the person. It was the worst possibility of many businessmen who joined in management Related to the law, all things relating to the company’s very easy to handle. Company is a legal entity. With regard to the loss suffered by the company, if the company suffered a loss, then the bear is not a personal, but overall the company was sentenced to, for example experiencing bankruptcy. The company also will not stop operating when one of its shareholders resign or died, because by law, it will be inherited by the heir or other appropriate policy decisions made together. In addition, the form of a company like this, we can easily develop food and beverage products at once with just one company name that in there will be divided into several divisions related, so it does not need a lot of company name to classify each of our products. MISLEADING QUESTION THREE This advertisement is misleading because it can’t immediately delete or heals a skin problem by one treatment, it has steps to be followed. Aside from it, they offer the iPhone 5 if they go to the clinic to make the consultation and treatment that can only be avail by new customers with skin problems. They also wrote term and conditions require to get free treatment in small size below of the advertisement. UNILATERAL OFFER UNILATERAL OFFER This advertisement include in ‘Unilateral Offer’ because they clearly detached all the information about the stuff they sell include the fixed price with seen able size in the red shape without further bargaining needed. Beside of it, ‘everything priced to clear’ means the price fixed until out of stock in 4 days from the day newspaper published. They even stated all the places we can find courts to buy those stuff without term and condition required for everyone. Invitation to offer Invitation to Offer This is an invitation to treat advertisement,because this advertisement is not clear. They just give the rate price for each destination,and the price also started with word ‘from’ that mean the price is not the fix price and need further negotiation with the customer to meet the agreement for the price that benefit each other. They also don’t give the due date of the promo,so it very uncertain and customer need to check it periodically. QUESTION THREE PART THREE ADVERTISEMENT OF TRUE OFFER FOR SALE!!! SECONDHAND BAKERY OVEN For S$1500/ not negotiable Age: 5 months old Colour: Silver For those who are interested you can call me at this number: 85986051 Or via email at dianacabillan@yahoo. com This is an advertisement called unilateral offer means anyone can buy this bakery oven. One reason why this is a true offer is, the intention of the party is clear and it’s stated there the information about the oven like the age, and colour in the price of S$1500. Aside from this, it also stated there that the price of the oven is not negotiable. ADVERTISEMENT OF INVITATION TO TREAT DOradora Pte. Ltd Jurong point #01-16 tel. 63970989 ipod case Fr $12 cup cake Fr $3 cake Fr $39 Hurry come and grab all about doraemon start Fr $3 Fr $399 This advertisement belongs to invitation to treat because it don’t stated clearly what’s the specific of computer stuff they sell and they also invite us to buy their thing with the price that needed for further bargaining (not fix yet),it attached for word ‘from’. Not all commercial there for $3, it means for the cheapest thing like doraemon cupcake start from $3. REFERENCE http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore http://app. subcourts. gov. sg/subcourts/page. aspx? pageid=53865 http://app. supremecourt. gov. sg/default. aspx? pgID=43 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore#Appellate_civil_jurisdiction http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Judicial_system_of_Singapore#Ranking http://app. subcourts. gov. sg/Data/Files/File/InforBooklet_Brochures/Brochure_Crime_CommCt. pdf Introduction to Business Law in Singapore Ravi Chandran Singapore Business Law 2nd ed. Benny S Tabalujan http://www. acra. gov. sg INDIVIDUAL GROUP MEMBER CONTRIBUTION | PART I| PART II| PART III| GERRY VICENTIUS SAJUTI| * Diagram * Subordinate Court| * Diagram of features * Diagram of disadvantages ; advantages * Explanation of the business enterprise| * Invitation to Treat advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement| DIANA ONG CABILLAN| * Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of Court Appeal * Criminal and Civil Jurisdiction of High Court| * Disadvantages and Advantages * Diagram of the process and procedure of business| * Misleading Advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement * Create and Explaination of own example of True Offer| CECILLIA SATRYO| * Diagram * Subordinate Court| * Features * Essay of process and procedure of business| * True Offer advertisement * Explanation of the advertisement * Create and Explanation of own example of Invitation to Treat| ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Our heartiest gratitude and respect to our lecturer,  Mr. Daniel Theyagu for his attractive class lecture and helpful manner to guide us in improving our submitted assignment. We are also thankful t o those who help us while doing the assignment We think that : GOD HELP THOSE WHO HELPS THEMSELVES As we see this sentence is very smalll but it has a very vast meaning. It means that when a person help himself then God also support him for doing the work. We would like to dedicate this assignment to our parents and lecturer and to those entire people who supported us do this assignment. How to cite Business Law Assignment, Essay examples